Volcanoes Essay Example For Students

Volcanoes Essay By Tricia Severson2nd hour Science4/30/98A spring of gushing lava is a vent, or opening, in the outside of the Earth through which magma andassociated gases and debris eject. The word likewise alludes to the structure or structure, usuallyconical, delivered by gatherings of emitted material. Volcanoes happen for the most part nearplate structural limits and are particularly normal around the Pacific bowl, called thePacific Ring of Fire (see Plate Tectonics). Mankind has for some time been awed by this ground-breaking power of nature. The Romans attributedvolcanic occasions to Vulcan, the lord of fire and metalworking. In AD 79 the emission ofMount Vesuvius decimated the Roman urban areas of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Polynesiansbelieve volcanoes to be administered by the fire goddess Pele. One of the most spectacularvolcanic ejections in written history happened in 1883 with the blast of Krakatoa,an island in the Sunda Strait close to Java (see Krakatoa). A later model is thedramatic 1 980 ejection of Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range in Washington State. Fountain of liquid magma Formation and EruptionsVolcanic emissions might be fierce, even disastrous, or moderately gentle. The mostexplosive emissions are basically impacts of steam that make marvelous showcases. We will compose a custom exposition on Volcanoes explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Calmer crevice emissions happen when liquid stone pushes through long splits in theEarths outside and floods the encompassing scene. Such rehashed outpourings of magma canfill encompassing valleys and cover low slopes, making thick magma groupings that eventuallybecome levels (see Plateau). The cause of liquid stone, alluded to by geologists as magma, isn't clearlyunderstood. Around 80 percent of all magma is made out of basalt rock. Geophysicalresearch recommends that volcanic magma structures close to the base of the Earths outside layer and movesupward to a shallow magma chamber before emitting at the surface. Magmas risebecause they are less thick than the stones at lower profundities, and their warmth probablyweakens encompassing rocks. The upward development of magma may likewise be expected toexpanding gases inside the liquid stone or to synthetic responses that break up rocksabove the magma. Volcanic material advances toward the surface through channelways, orvolcanic conduct ors, and is expelled through vents at the Earths surface. (See likewise Lavaand Magma.) Eruptions take various structures relying upon the arrangement of the magma when itreaches the surface. Unexpected emissions are frequently connected with low-thickness (morefluid) magma where the extending gases structure a foam that turns into a light, polished rockcalled pumice. In ejections of high-thickness (thicker) magmas, the gas pressure shattersthe rock into sections. Pyroclastic rocks, shaped by volcanic blast, are namedaccording to measure: volcanic debris if sand-sized or littler, volcanic bombs if bigger. United debris is called tuff. Calmer, increasingly detached ejections discharge liquid basalt lavafrom dams or dam swarms (magma interruptions that cut across layers of rock). Theseeruptions spread enormous regions and regularly produce ropy, or pahoehoe, magma streams. Thickerbasalt magma breaks into pieces or squares, shaping blocky magma streams, called aa. The results of volcanism might be ordered into two gatherings: magma and pyroclastics. Magma is the liquid period of volcanic movement. Pyroclastics (likewise called tephra) arevarious-sized particles of hot trash tossed out of a well of lava. Regardless of whether magma orpyroclastics are being catapulted, the emission is ordinarily joined by the ejection ofwater and gases, a considerable lot of which are harmful. Magma ordinarily shapes long, slender waterways ofmolten rock that stream down the slants of a fountain of liquid magma. Hazardous emissions will in general be awesome occasions best saw from a sheltered separation. Seismic tremors, high segments of fumes, lightning, and solid tornadoes regularly accompanythe blasts. The ejection of Krakatoa released a wave, a huge seismic ocean wave,that cleared the shores of Java and Sumatra and suffocated in excess of 36,000 individuals. Avolcano can develop with alarming rate and regularly influences an area a long ways past the areaon which the cone structures. When volcanoes are conceived in the ocean, the emissions might be moreviolent than those ashore on the grounds that the contact between liquid stone and seawaterproduces steam. Volcanoes likewise make holes and calderas. Holes are shaped either by the massivecollapse of material during volcanic movement, by bizarrely rough blasts, or later byerosion during lethargy. Calderas are enormous, bowl molded sorrows. The majority of them areformed after a magma chamber channels and no longer backings the overlying cone, whichthen falls internal to make the bowl. One of the most popular models is thestill-dyn amic Kilauea caldera in Hawaii. Sorts of VolcanoesVolcanoes are typically grouped by shape and size. These are dictated by such factorsas the volume and sort of volcanic material shot out, the succession and assortment oferuptions, and the earth. Among the most well-known sorts are shield volcanoes,stratovolcanoes, and ash cones. Shield volcanoes have a low, expansive profile made by exceptionally liquid basalt streams thatspread over wide regions. The liquid basalt can't develop a cone with sides much steeperthan 7 degrees. More than a large number of years, in any case, these cones can arrive at enormous size. .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postImageUrl , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:visited , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active { border:0!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253 607d0e3d71b65451 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Mars 3 EssayThe Hawaiian Islands are made out of shield volcanoes that have developed from the ocean bottom to the surface around 3 miles (5 kilometers) above. Pinnacles, for example, Mauna Loa andMauna Kea ascend to in excess of 13,600 feet (4,145 meters) above ocean level. Hawaii is thelargest magma structure on the planet, while Mauna Loa, whenever estimated from the ocean bottom, isthe universes biggest mountain regarding both stature and volume. Stratovolcanoes are the most widely recognized volcanic structure. They are made out of alternatinglayers of magma and pyroclastic material. At the point when a peaceful magma stream closes, it makes a seal ofsolidified magma inside the conductor of the fountain of liquid magma. Weight step by step develops below,setting the phase for a vicious impact of pyroclastic material. These exchanging cycles repeatthemselves, giving stratovolcanoes a brutal notoriety. A soot cone is a funnel shaped slope of for the most part ash measured pyroclastics. The profile of thecone is dictated by the edge of rest, that is, the steepest point at which debrisremains stable and doesn't slide downhill. Bigger ash sections, which fall close thesummit, can frame inclines surpassing 30 degrees. Better particles are conveyed farther fromthe vent and structure delicate slants of around 10 degrees at the base of the cone. Thesevolcanoes will in general be touchy yet may likewise expel some magma. Ash cones arenumerous, happen in all sizes, and will in general ascent steeply over the encompassing zone. Thoseoccurring on the flanks of bigger volcanoes are called parasitic cones. Volcanic ac tion commonly shifts back and forth between short dynamic periods and much longerdormant periods. A wiped out well of lava is one that isn't emitting and isn't probably going to eruptin what's to come. A torpid spring of gushing lava, while presently inert, has emitted inside historictimes and is probably going to do as such later on. An inert spring of gushing lava is one that has not beenknown to emit inside notable occasions. Such arrangement is subjective, be that as it may, sincealmost any spring of gushing lava is fit for ejecting once more. In the late phases of volcanic movement, magma can warm coursing groundwater,producing natural aquifers and fountains (see Geyser and Fumarole). A spring is a hot-waterfountain that spouts discontinuously with incredible power. Extraordinary compared to other known models isOld Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. Fumaroles are vents that discharge gas exhaust orsteam. Volcanoes happen along belts of pressure, where

How to Write an Essay - Tips That Can Help You Succeed

How to Write an Essay - Tips That Can Help You SucceedEvery student who wants to earn good grades has to know how to write an essay. Since the introduction of new essay writing tools, you can write your essay without the help of any essay writing tools. However, if you do not have the right information on how to write an essay, it will be hard for you to succeed in writing your essay.Writing your essay is an important part of your college experience. Therefore, it is necessary for you to make your essay written well. You should have a few ideas when it comes to writing an essay. Some tips that can help you out when writing your essay are given below.Do not take the concepts of your own understanding. Since there are different concepts of what constitutes an essay, you must always make sure that you use your knowledge of English grammar to write your essay. You should never use the knowledge of the subject you are writing on as the basis of how to write an essay. It would not be an es say. You need to build a foundation by using your own knowledge of the subject.You also need to have a clear idea about the subject you are writing about. You should always know the kind of writing you will be doing to prepare yourself and understand the aspects that would be included in your essay. This will help you identify what kinds of words you need to be using and what the concepts you need to keep in mind. This will also help you to know the things you need to add and remove from your essay.The one thing that you need to remember when writing an essay is that you should always focus on the topic you are dealing with. You should not worry about how to make the essay different or unique from others. However, you should make sure that the topic that you are dealing with is worth your time and your thoughts. While writing an essay, it is best for you to know how to edit your essay so that you can change the main idea of the article. Remember that the editor is always present to check your essay and he or she can tell you how to fix or change the main idea of your essay. The editor will also tell you what changes you need to make in order to improve the quality of your essay.The second most important aspect that you need to remember is that you should always make an outline of your essay. It is best that you keep track of your idea so that you can develop them further later on. However, you should write your essay based on the outline. The outline is the starting point of the essay and the main idea of the essay.You should also make a list of all the things that you need to do and write down the ones that you have done. While writing an essay, you need to be as organized as possible. Therefore, it is always good for you to keep a paper to review later on.

Easy Essay Topics For Your High School Exams

Easy Essay Topics For Your High School ExamsWhen you're writing an essay for your high school, college or university entrance exams, you have a wide range of essay topics to choose from. Some of these are rather trivial but others are serious academic topics that you'll need to be sure you cover fully and accurately.For example, American government and politics might be a topic that you're unsure of but if you need help in writing a thorough essay for it, then you should make use of the services of a college writing tutor. Writing for the American government is quite complex and may not be appropriate for some students. You should also try to avoid using specific terms like 'is'ought' because this will just confuse your reader.If you want to improve your writing skills and have some trouble with writing the correct grammar, try using a template. Many websites offer templates that they've made to help students who are struggling to write their essays. These templates are often short s o that they can be used as an outline, and sometimes they're interactive too.This quick method of essay writing is known as one-sentence essays. This is where you present the most important facts in a short amount of space. It's really effective if you want to be able to cover a lot of material in a short space of time. It is the simplest way to tell a story in less words.An essay can easily go on for several pages when discussing numerous subject matter. It might even be impossible to explain everything you're thinking about in one short sentence. Instead, take a few moments to think of topics that you'd like to cover so that you can put them into a longer paragraph.Another one of the many essay topics that is considered to be very easy is relating the beginning of science. Here, you'llbe working through different scientific ideas that you can use to explain your ideas. At the end of your research, you'll have a point to relate to your students to further their education.Yet anothe r one of the easy essay topics is geometry which most students find quite challenging as they try to tackle this standard, high school topic. This is where you'll need to know how to use a long line, graphs and the simple shapes that you see in nature. Once you get familiar with this topic, you'll find that you're able to talk about more complex concepts such as trigonometry and the value of a circle in geometry.One of the easiest subject to write about is psychology which is often overlooked as a hard topic to write about because of its simplicity. However, when you delve deeper into the subject, you'll find that the more difficult topics that you'll have to learn are the ones dealing with dreams and the subconscious mind. These are the subjects that require you to think out of the box and solve problems to make sure that you have a good grasp of the concepts.

Urban Outfitters, Inc.. Employee Self Assessment Form.

URBAN OUTFITTERS, INC. Employee Self Assessment Form Employee Name: Jasmine Tate Department: Training Employee Title: Training Coordinator Manager Name: Alisha Traynum Accomplishments (Describe your accomplishments in the past year against mutually understood goals and objectives for the position. Also, list any accomplishments you achieved which were outside of your general job role.) Instructed over 435 agents to prepare them to be successful employees at URBN Throughout the holiday classes, I increased my teaching time by teaching larger sections in both day and night classes. Designed Training Certificates to hand out to agents who earned a 100 on their assessment. Taught classes to email and chat agents using Needle and†¦show more content†¦Assisted in the gift card department by processing gift cards and alerts, throughout the holiday season. Growth (Describe the key competencies and performance factors you have developed, especially in the past year, to make yourself a more valuable and versatile member of the organization. How have you grown or what have you contributed towards the company’s growth.) Personal responsibility and accountability, my actions directly affect the team and the company. Gained proficiency in usage of KANA by working on emails during the holiday season this has made me feel more confident training email agents. Gained confidence as a trainer by teaching more sections during the holiday training classes. Increased Training Assessment scores drastically, by working with the training team to change teaching methods by making training interesting and more relatable to new agents. Developmental Needs (Describe the key competencies and performance factors you feel you need to further develop.) I need improvement on being more confident teaching unfamiliar sections. Slowing down and being less nervous teaching sections. I know how to teach the material and to do it efficiently but I need to doubt myself less. Being more efficient in posting Memos and Promos on the Hub. This includes using time management skills to ensure this information is posted for agents. Career Interests (Indicate your career interests including the kind ofShow MoreRelatedRetail Management8432 Words   |  34 Pagesretail chains. Firms with strong sales growth tend to fall into one of three camps – hot, high-growth youth retailers like Pacific Sunwear (www.pacsun.com), Urban Outfitters (www.urbanoutfitters.com), Hot Topic (www.hottopic.com), and Aero-postale (www.aeropostale.com), mature but re-invigorated multi-brand mega-specialists like Gap Inc. (www.gapinc.com) and Limited Brands (www.limitedbrands.com); and Chico’s (www.chicos.com), which stands alone within the channel as a result of carving out a veryRead MoreRetail Management8444 Words   |  34 Pagesand retail chains. Firms with strong sales growth tend to fall into one of three camps – hot, high-growth youth retailers like Pacific Sunwear (www.pacsun.com), Urban Outfitters (www.urbanoutfitters.com), Hot Topic (www.hottopic.com), and Aero-postale (www.aeropostale.com), mature but re-invigorated multi-brand mega-specialists like Gap Inc. (www.gapinc.com) and Limited Brands (www.limitedbrands.com); and Chico’s (www.chicos.com), which stands alone within the channel as a result of carving out a veryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEducation, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, p hotocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Among Adolescents with...

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Among Adolescents with Mild to Moderate Depression Kaplan and Sadock (as cited in Brollier, Hamrick Jacobson, 1994) stated that depression, during the teen years, has become an increasing area of concern in psychiatry (Kaplan Sadock, 1991. Kashani, Carlson, Beck, Hoeper, Corcoran, McAllister, Fallahi, Rosenberg and Reid (as cited in Brollier, Hamrick , Jacobson, 1994) studied the prevalence of depression in adolescents and reported that approximately 8% of adolescents experienced depressive disorders. Kaplan and Sadock (as cited in Brollier et al., 1994) suggested that new forms of treatment are needed when dealing with adolescents because adolescents often do not respond well to medications,†¦show more content†¦Only a handful of studies have been completed to observe this area of study. Norris, Carroll and Cochrane (1992) found that students at a secondary school who stated they exercised regularly, produced lower scores on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, developed by Zukerman and Lubin. Brown, Welsh, Labbe, V itulli and Kulkarni (1992) found that aerobic exercise was beneficial for 54 depressed patients, of both sexes, with the average age being 15.6 years of age. However, this study found that the female participants reported a greater amount of change in depression, anger, exhaustion, anxiety and confusion, following the nine week study. Although the male subjects did see improvements in their psychological states, the female participants were slightly better off. Another study conducted by Brollier et al. (1994) found that of the four adolescent, male participants they were able to work with in their study, all were able to gain some benefit from the aerobic exercise of jogging. All the participants reported less depressive symptoms, as well as enhanced energy, and a better self concept in general. Although there have been a few studies conducted in the area of exercise and depression, almost all the studies have used aerobic exercise as their independent variable, with only a fewShow MoreRelatedIs Obesity A Growing Problem? Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesMore than 80 percent of adolescents do not get enough aerobic physical activity to meet the guidelines for youth (Physical Activity, 2014). When adolescents do not get the proper amount of physical activity needed to keep them healthy it puts them at risk for; a decrease in bone health, cardiorespiratory and muscle health, an increase in body fat, and possible depression. Obesity is a growing problem in America not only with adults but also with school aged children. 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Essay on Beowulf - Profile Of An Epic Hero - 586 Words

There are stories told all over the world handed down from generation to generation. Some remember these stories by memory, but are lost in time, and some write them down to be remembered forever as a part of history. Beowulf is one such story that has been mysteriously remembered for many centuries. I’ve very much enjoyed reading Beowulf. However, since this story has been around for so long many people have added, reduced, or omitted bits and pieces of the story. In other words, it has become an almost epic legend, never knowing if it was real or if it is rumor. And like any rumor being told to others, the story gets better and better over time like a fine wine. Since this poem has been around for many centuries, it is clear in much of†¦show more content†¦The narrator depicts Grendel as â€Å"a powerful demon† and a â€Å"fiend out of hell† and even incorporates where this abomination is derived from. The narrator tells us that he emerged from the cur se of â€Å"the Creator† in which he â€Å"condemned as outcasts†. This story is derived from the book of Genesis in the bible. In which states, â€Å"And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him†-Genesis 4:15. The narrator refers to one god many times in the story and incorporates many sayings in the bible from the Old Testament as well as some from the New Testament, such as the beatitudes. The beatitudes can be found in the New Testament in Mathew 5:1-12. The beatitudes are said to be the teachings of Jesus, which opens the Sermon on the Mount. In the bible are also many forms of â€Å"Blessed is he† in which we also see in Beowulf. â€Å"But blessed is he who after death can approach the Lord and find friendship in the Father’s embrace.† This verse in the poem not only acknowledges that there is one God the father but also acknowledges that there is a son for you can’t be a father without having a son. We know that the people in Beowulf are believed to be pagan and maybe the father/son reference is to the god Odin and his son Thor, but there is much evidence to support that the God is the â€Å"almighty† father as Christians know there one God to be. This verse also resembles much of the verses from Psalms and Proverbs in the New Testament. ManyShow MoreRelatedBeowulf - Profile of an Epic Hero Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesEpic Beowulf A hero, in the traditional sense of the word, is generally a protagonist in a story whose overwhelming power is the only which can defeat the evil of the day. In a classic example of this comes Beowulf, a novel adaptation of the epic Anglo-Saxon poem by Robert Nye. The main character and namesake of the story is Beowulf, an adventurous young hero. 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Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Even though it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it mightRead MoreThe Impact Of Christian Features On Beowulf3125 Words   |  13 PagesELMARRACHI 11 AMINE ELMARRACHI Professor: Dr. Robinson ENG-205 Research paper 11/21/2015 The Impact of Christian Features on Beowulf. Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Even though it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it mightRead MoreThe Epic Poem Beowulf 3137 Words   |  13 Pages11 Given, the current high profile debate with regard to dating the epic poem Beowulf, it is quite surprising that some scholars go as far as placing it during the Vendel era around 550 - 793 CE. Eventhough it is considered as a kind of folk tale, many are those who believe it happened towards the early Vendel era. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be?convincingly argued?that this period is also referred to as the Germanic Iron Age. Moreover, this era saw the rise of Norse mythology, whichRead MoreEpic Heroes : The Ideal Hero873 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, epic heroes have defined the ideal characteristics of a society. Beowulf and Aenus are perfect examples of the ideal hero created from the mind of a creator, for the purpose of defining a society. Most epic heroes share certain character traits such as bravery, courage, determination, hubris or intelligence. It has been noted that sometimes epic heroes appear to simply be lucky or helped along by the gods and rely le ss on their own abilities. However, there are some heroes whoRead MoreWilliam Chaucer s The Wife Of Bath1347 Words   |  6 Pagesaccustomed angelic Christian that has to repent and believe in God. British literature begins to introduce a new archetype for women that writers follow in stories by describing them with motherly characteristics and taboo ideas in texts, such as the epic poem, Beowulf, Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue† and â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† in The Canterbury Tales, and the play named The Beggar’s Opera, which brings forth the idea of what is morally acceptable characteristics for women in literature

Literature Review on Finite Element Analysis of Pile Foundations

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review on Finite Element Analysis of Pile Foundations. Answer: Introduction Pile foundations are used as medium between unstable soil and solid ground in order to initiate construction of solid structures like building, pillar, etc. These pile foundations exhibit different behavior in different physical conditions and external factors. Hence, the pile foundation behavior has been a subject of research for a long time. Many researchers have tested and used different research techniques for understanding the nature and behavior of pile foundation according to different external characteristics. Different researchers used different external factors to analyze the change in the behavior of pile foundation with the change in the effect of external factors. Again, different researchers used different techniques and methods for the research purposes that have given different and nearly accurate results on the behavior of pile foundations. In this assignment, the works of different researchers have been analyzed and the results have been discussed. Literature Review Gerolymos et al. (2014, pp.18-20) used beam on Winkler foundation model (BWF) for the analysis of pile foundations against static and dynamic loading. They mainly based their research on the soil behaviour against deflecting pile. They also analysed soil and interface non-linearities (slippage and separation of the pile from the soil), frequency-dependent visco-plastic response (radiation damping) and cyclic hysteretic soil behaviour during a dynamic pile-soil interaction. The main question of their research was How the frequency-dependent nonlinear characteristics of the sub grade reaction for laterally and axially loaded piles can be realistically captured through topologically appropriate assemblies of spring and dashpots with frequency independent parameters? In their research paper, they published a soil reaction model in which they used non-linear frequency-independent springs and dashpots in a series-parallel arrangement. Their model is suitable for the sample pile subjected to horizontal or axial load. They used some equations and parameters for designing a soil reaction model. After the soil modeling, they conducted their experiment by using different configurations like Axial Loading and Lateral Loading used different techniques and verified the obtained results. Their research results contained the following factors that they found to be realistically capturable with the help of a simple lumped parameter model. Relation with frequency Non-linearity of material and interface Radiation-hysteresis coupling Their lumped parameter model consisted of a set of appropriately arranged frequency independent springs masses and dashpots. Li, Guan Zhang (2016, pp.177-193) analysed the pile foundation behaviour due to the effect of ocean waves by using the transient dynamic analysis with scaled boundary finite element method. In this process, they chose the semi-analytic numerical method (scaled boundary finite element method) for investigating pile foundation time-dependant behaviour under ocean wave loads. They also used Wave-Structure Interaction (WSI) framework for their research. To address the problems of WSI framework, they took the help of three-dimensional SBFEM model. They mainly emphasized on mathematical calculations rather than collecting samples and practical experiments. They used scientific formulae and calculations to find the results and hence, their results had some errors that can only be removed by verifying with the practical and experimental results. Hence, this method was called semi-analytic method. They first analysed the problems and summarized them using formulations. After that, they analysed wave behaviour and structural response for calculating approximate numerical values for the pile behaviour. For their research, they used SBFEM model in order to address the magnitude of interaction between waves and structures. They also executed model validation process with the help of softwares and produced a number of graphical representations of different equations. They also made a graphical comparison between FEM and SBFEM and published the results that were to some extent inaccurate with respect to practical values. Brinkgreve (2014) made a more realistic and simple approach by using software 3D modelling techniques. He recreated some software generated replicas of different building foundations and other structures. He applied mathematical calculations and models in these models to analyse the behaviour of the pile foundations. He also used different sample case studies in order to analyse different types of behaviour of pile foundations from different external agents. The simplicity of Brinkgreves (2014) approach made it possible for a more precise analysis of pile foundation behaviour. His technique is suitable for analysing pile behaviour of some foundations that cannot be analysed in situ. However, the main problem with this approach is that it requires high technical support. Moreover, the software costs are also extremely high. Finally, accurate practical results are also not obtainable with this technique. Kato et al. (2014) conducted another study regarding this subject but based on a single case study. They analysed pile foundation behaviour that was affected by liquefaction and lateral spreading with pinning effect that occurred during the 2010 Maule Chile Earthquake. Their main objective of study was the analysis of the soil behavior and change in stability and performances due to high powered impact such as earthquake. In this particular research, they analyzed a number of mini case studies i.e. they analyzed different structures that were affected by the earthquake. Their analysis resulted in the following conclusions. The laterally loaded pile behavior is actively affected by the 3D geometry used for its construction. Two approaches, namely, 3D FEM and LPile, can be used to determine the lateral displacement of the foundations and this resulted in deviation between 5 to 25 cm. Slope displacements can actively affect pile foundation behavior but are frequently ignored, as the effects are not clearly visible. As evident from most of the cases, pinning effect acts as a barrier for analyzing pile behavior as its effect appears even before maximum restriction force of the pile is achieved. NiniĆ¡, Stascheit Meschkes (2014, pp.1453-1476) research was based Embedded beam formulation for discretization independent finite element analyses of interactions between pile foundations or rock anchors and the surrounding soil i.e. they mainly based their research on the formulation of embedded beam after analyzing the behavior of the pile foundation and soil interaction. Instead of modeling and formulations, they considered a simple beam structure that was to be erected on the soil after the analysis of pile foundation behavior. For this purpose, they considered arbitrary number of pile foundations and analyzed them against an arbitrary number of pile foundation orientations. In this model, they represented beam elements as individual piles. The benefit of this approach was that they were able to use analyze and find results under different conditions and arrangements. They also used 3D reference model for calculating some important parameters. However, this provided i naccurate results and errors had to be detected and removed to obtain nearly accurate results. Evaluation Gerolymos et al. (2014, pp.18-20) observed that the pile periphery generated waves are completely absorbed by the used absorbents when 20% loading is used. When 120% ultimate static soil reaction is generated by the used processes, they found that the pile is not generating any waves. They found that this is caused by intense mobilization of the slippage and the energy gets dissipated by radiation. Li, Guan Zhang (2016, pp.177-193) has provided a more specific approach to the topic and has limited their research to ocean waves as external factors. From their research, the actual magnitude of the effect of ocean waves on the pile behaviour foundations can be known. Brinkgreves (2014) approach has made it possible to study and analyse pile foundation behaviour using simple mathematical modelling techniques. His research provides graphical representations and model diagrams that can be used as bases for further research using mathematical formulations. Kato et al. (2014) provides a specific approach towards the pile foundation behaviour against large magnitude impacts like earthquake. They used a specific case study for analysis and provided more accurate results along with the constraints related to the study of pile foundation behaviour in this type of case study. NiniĆ¡, Stascheit Meschkes (2014, pp.1453-1476) approach included the use of embedded beam as an element required for the study of the pile foundation behavior. They made simplified approach that included different orientations of elements to consider different behaviors of the pile foundations against different external conditions. Conclusions From the report, several conclusions can be drawn regarding the Finite Element Analysis of Pile Foundations. As evident from the works on this topic, many researchers have tested and used different research techniques for understanding the nature and behavior of pile foundation according to different external characteristics. Different researchers used different external factors to analyze the change in the behavior of pile foundation with the change in the effect of external factors. Gerolymos and his fellow researchers used beam on Winkler foundation model (BWF) for the analysis of pile foundations against static and dynamic loading. They mainly based their research on the soil behaviour against deflecting pile. On the other hand, Li, Guan Zhang analysed the pile foundation behaviour due to the effect of ocean waves by using the transient dynamic analysis with scaled boundary finite element method. In this process, they chose the semi-analytic numerical method (scaled boundary fin ite element method) for investigating pile foundation time-dependant behaviour under ocean wave loads. Again, Brinkgreve made a more realistic and simple approach by using software 3D modelling techniques. He recreated some software generated replicas of different building foundations and other structures. Kato and his team, on the other hand, conducted another study regarding this subject but based on a single case study. They analysed pile foundation behaviour that was affected by liquefaction and lateral spreading with pinning effect that occurred during the 2010 Maule Chile Earthquake. NiniĆ¡, Stascheit Meschke followed another approach and based their research on the formulation of embedded beam after analyzing the behavior of the pile foundation and soil interaction. Instead of modeling and formulations, they considered a simple beam structure that was to be erected on the soil after the analysis of pile foundation behavior. All these different approaches provided d ifferent results and outcomes, but they can be used as benchmark values for the pile foundation behavior against different external factors. Hence, it can be said that, different approaches were made to find different results from the same case analysis but all these results can be accumulated together to find a regular set of values that can be used as future reference and standard behavioral characteristics of the pile foundation against different external factors. References Brinkgreve, R.B., 2014, April. Efficient modelling of pile foundations in the finite element method. InDFIMEC 2014, Dubai, UAE. AUD. Gerolymos, N., Kassas, K., Bouzoni, E. Brinkgreve, R., 2014, June. Dynamic analysis of piles subjected to axial and lateral loading with emphasis on soil and interface nonlinearities. InProceedings of the 8th European conference on numerical methods in geotechnical engineering, Delft, The Netherlands, in CD Rom(pp. 18-20). Kato, K., Gonzales, D., Ledezma, C. Ashford, S., 2014, July. Analysis of pile foundations affected by liquefaction and lateral spreading with pinning effect during the 2010 maule chile earthquake. InProceedings of the 10th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering; Anchorage, AK, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Li, M., Guan, H. Zhang, H., 2016. Transient dynamic analysis of pile foundation responses due to ocean waves using the scaled boundary finite element method.Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy,2(2), pp.177-193. NiniĆ¡, J., Stascheit, J. Meschke, G., 2014. Beamsolid contact formulation for finite element analysis of pilesoil interaction with arbitrary discretization.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,38(14), pp.1453-1476. Bibliography Byrne, B.W., McAdam, R., Burd, H., Houlsby, G., Martin, C., Zdravkovi, L., Taborda, D., Potts, D., Jardine, R. Sideri, M., 2015. 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